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A BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUPPORT MECHANISM OF THE TAKEOFF LEG IN THE LONG JUMP: Yuya Muraki¹, Michiyoshi Ae² and Toshiharu Yokozawa¹. ¹Doctoral Program in Health and Sport Sciences, Tsukuba University, Japan. ²Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, Tsukuba University, Japan.

A BIOMECHANICS RESEARCH ON GAIT OF YOUNG GIRL DRESSED IN DIFFERENT KIND OF SHOES: LI Jianshe¹ and WU jian². ¹Faculty of Physical Education, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, P.R.China. ²Department of Physical Education, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang,P.R.China. (work in progress).

ACCELEROMETRY BASED IPSATIVE BIOFEEDBACK TO IMPROVE KINEMATIC CONSISTENCY AND PERFORMANCE IN ROWING: R Anderson^1,2, AJ Harrison¹ and GM Lyons². ¹Department of Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. ²Biomedical Electronics Laboratory, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON KINEMATICS PARAMETERS BETWEEN THE SEPAK KUDA SERVE AND THE SEPAK SILA SERVE IN SEPAK TAKRAW: Juliana Usman, Noor Azuan Abu Osman, Azmin Sham Rambely, Wan Abu Bakar Wan Abas. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. (work in progress).

A COMPARISON OF THE SKATING TECHNIQUE IN THE CURVE FOR ELITE AND JUNIOR SPRINT SPEED SKATERS: Jun Yuda¹ and Michiyoshi Ae². ¹Graduate school of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. ²Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

A COMPARISON OF TORQUE- VELOCITY- POWER CHARACTERISTICS OF MAXIMAL KNEE EXTENSION IN SPRINT AND ENDURANCE TRAINED ATHLETES: A.J. Harrison and J. Coghlan. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.

ACTIVE DRAG AT LOW SWIMMING VELOCITIES: Rhys Thorp and Barry Wilson. School of Physical Education, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

ADVANCED SOLUTION OF AORTA BLOOD FLOW PROPERTIES UNDER BODY ACCELERATION FORCES: S. Abdalla Wassf Isaac. Physics and Mathematics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Port – Said, Egypt.

A KINEMATIC STUDY OF THE SPRINT EVENTS AT THE 1999 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS IN ATHLETICS SEVILLA’99: Amelia Ferro¹, Alicia Rivera¹, Itziar Pagola², Miguel Ferreruela¹, Alvaro Martín¹ and Valentín Rocandio³. ¹Laboratory of Sports Biomechanics, High Performance and Sports Sciences Research Centre (CARICD), Higher Sports Council (CSD), Madrid, Spain. ²Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. ³Royal Spanish Athletics Federation (RFEA), Madrid, Spain.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE HOLDING AREA IN OLYMPIC ARCHERY: Markus Gruber¹, Jürgen Edelmann-Nusser², Harald Seelig¹, Albert Gollhofer¹. ¹Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany. ²Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany.

ANALYSIS OF LOCOMOTION VELOCITY AND LATERAL DIFFERENCES OF STRENGTH PARAMETERS OF FOOTBALL (SOCCER) PLAYERS: Hans-Joachim Menzel, Afonso Timão Simplício. Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

ANALYSIS OF KINEMATIC PARAMETERS BETWEEN SPANISH AND WORLD CLASS JAVELIN THROWERS: José Campos; Gabriel Brizuela; Víctor Ramón and Javier Gámez. Department of Sport and Physical Education. University of Valencia. Spain.

ANALYSIS OF TETHERED SWIMMING FORCE, TETHERED SWIMMING POWER, SWIMMING SPEED AND ANTROPOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG SWIMMERS IN CRAWL STROKE: Llana, S. Tella, V. Benavent, J. Brizuela, G. Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte. Universitat de Valencia. Spain.

ANALYSIS OF THE MUSCULAR INTERVENTION IN BALLISTIC STRETCHING EXERCISES BASED ON THE ANGULAR ACCELERATION AND EMG DATA: Kostas Gianikellis, Alonso Bote, Conrado Ferrera, Antonino Vara. University of Extremadura. Spain. (work in progress)

AN ELECTRONIC TELEMETRY SYSTEM USING A LAPTOP FOR INVESTIGATION OF KINEMATIC AND KINETIC STUDIES OF SPRINTERS: Morteza Shahbazi-Moghaddam¹ and Fraydoon Javashi². ¹Tehran University Physics Department and Physical ducation Sport and Leisure Studies of Edinburgh University. ²Electrical Department of Lahijan Azad University.

A PILOT STUDY ON COMPARISON OF CUSHIONING ABILITY OF CLOTH SPORT SHOE WITH OTHER ATHLETIC FOOTWEAR: Daniel T.P. Fong¹, Youlian Hong¹, Mario Lamontagne², Jingxian Li¹. ¹The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. ²University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.(work in progress)

APPLICATION OF BIOMECHANICS TO THE PREVENTION OF OVERLOAD INJURIES IN ELITE FOOTBALL PLAYERS: Dueñas, L.¹; Ferrandis, R.¹; Martinez, A.¹; Candel, J.²; Arnau, F.³; Villanueva, J.⁴. ¹Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. ²Medical Services of the Valencia C.F. ³Medical Services of the Villarreal C.F. ⁴Medical Services of the Zaragoza C.F. Spain.

ARCHER-BOW-ARROW SYSTEM ADJUSTMENT IN THE VERTICAL PLANE: Hans Gros¹ and Ihor Zanevskyy². ¹Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, Germany. ²Lviv State Institute of Physical Culture, Lviv, Ukraine.

A SPECIAL MOTION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PROFESSIONAL CYCLIST: Zsolt Knoll MD.¹, Rita Kiss PhD.,CSc. ², István Györe MD. ³, László Kocsis PhD. ⁴, Mihály Jurák⁴. ¹Fund MEDICaMENTOR, Budapest, Hungary, ²Academic Group of Structures, Budapest, Hungary, ³National Institute of Sport Medicine, Budapest Hungary, ⁴BUTE Department of Applied Mechanics, Budapest, Hungary.

BACK STRESS AND ASSISTANCE EXERCISES IN WEIGHTLIFTING: Angus Burnett, Adam Beard and Kevin Netto. School of Biomedical and Sports Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.

BASIC BIOMECHANICAL RELATIONSHIPS AT PUSH-OFF FOR HANDSPRING FORWARD VAULTS: Klaus Knoll. Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany.(work in progress).

BIOMECHANICAL ADAPTATIONS FOLLOWING A LATERAL ANKLE SPRAIN INJURY: AN EXPLANATION FOR CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY?: Karoline Cheung¹, Patria Hume¹, Sharon Walt². ¹Auckland University of Technology. ²University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS APPLIED TO THE EVALUATION OF POSTURE IN LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY:Kostas Gianikellis¹, Conrado Ferrera¹, Juan José Pantrigo². ¹University of Extremadura. ²University Rey Juan Carlos. Spain. (work in progress).

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS DURING COUNTERMOVEMENT JUMP IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS: Li-I Wang, Der-Chia Lin, Chenfu Huang, and Chung-Hsien Yang. Dept. of P. E., National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan.

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY BALLET JUMPS: INTEGRATION OF FORCE PLATE DATA AND EMG RECORDS: Filipa Sousa¹, Filipe Conceição¹, Pedro Gonçalves¹, João M. Carvalho², Denise Soares³, Fabiana Scarrone³, Jefferson Loss³, J. Paulo Vilas-Boas¹. ¹Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education. ²Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal. 3School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF FOOT MOVEMENT DURING A SET OF TAI CHI CHUAN EXERCISE: Jing Xian Li¹, Youlian Hong¹, Dewei Mao¹, Dongqing Xu¹ and Kai Min Chan². ¹Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, ²Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T. Hong Kong.

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH-LOW IMPACT AEROBIC DANCE AND STEP AEROBICS: Shi-Yi Wang, Chenfu Huang and Chung Hsien Yang. Dept. of P. E., National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN.

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MEN’S JAVELIN THROW AT THE 21ST SOUTH EAST ASIAN GAMES: Wei Xie¹, Kong Chuan Teh¹, John Tan², Michael Koh², Mohd Safrushahar Yusoff ³, Noor Azuan Abu Osman ⁴. ¹Singapore Sports Council. ²Physical Education & Sports Science, Nanyang Technological University. ³National Sports Institute, Malaysia. ⁴University of Malaya.

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SNATCH DURING WEIGHTLIFTING COMPETITION: Safrushahar Yusoff¹, Norhaslinda Hasan¹, and Barry Wilson². ¹Biomechanics Unit, National Sports Institute of Malaysia. ²School of Physical Education, University of Otago, New Zealand.

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TOP CHINESE FEMALE POLE VAULTERS: Xuezhen Liu, Shiming Li, Xiangdong Wang, Songhua Yan, Yanzhao Shi. Beijing University of Physical Education, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China.

BIOMECHANICAL ASSESSMENT OF AERODYNAMIC RESISTANCE IN PROFESSIONAL CYCLISTS: METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS: Juan García-López¹, José Peleteiro¹, J.A. Rodríguez¹, Alfredo Córdova^3,4, M.A.González², J.G. Villa¹. ¹University of León. ²Polythenic University of Madrid. ³University of Valladolid. ⁴Kelme-Costa Blanca Team.

BIOMECHANICAL OPTIMIZATION OF SURGICAL SKILLS: INFLUENCE OF HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT OF SURGICAL TABLE ON MOVEMENTS ACCURACY AND MUSCULAR FATIGUE: Serge Savoie¹, Rene Therrien¹, François Prince², Marcel Martin¹ and Simon Darveau¹. ¹University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (Quebec), Canada. ²University of Montreal, Montreal (Quebec), Canada.

BIOMECHANICAL TESTING IN ELITE CANOEING: Dr. Jurgen Sperlich¹ and John Baker². ¹Olympiastutzpunkt, Essen, Germany. ² Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.

BIOMECHANICS ANALYSIS OF “BRUSH KNEE AND TWIST STEPS” MOVEMENT IN TAI CHI: Dewei Mao^1,2, Youlian Hong¹, Jing Xian Li¹, Dongqing Xu¹, Dongli Wang^{3 1}Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, ²Shandong Institute of Sports, ³Shandong Arts & Crafts College, China.

CHANGES IN MECHANICAL WORK AND JOINT CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB JOINTS DUE TO FATIGUE IN DISTANCE RUNNING: Yasushi Enomoto¹, Michiyoshi Ae² and Fujii Norihisa². ¹Sport and Physical Education Center, University of Tsukuba. ²Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

CHANGES IN POSTURAL CONTROL AND PROPRIOCEPTIVE CAPABILITIES AFTER KUNG FU TRAINING PROGRAM IN LOW BACK PAIN PATIENTS: Lothar Thorwesten, Steffi Melz and Klaus Völker. Institute of Sports Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany.

CHANGES IN RUNNING VELOCITY AND KINETICS OF THE LOWER LIMB JOINTS IN 100 m SPRINT RUNNING: Yuichi Haneda, Michiyoshi Ae, Yasushi Enomoto, Koji Hoga, Norihisa Fujii. Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

CHANGES IN THE MECHANICAL ENERGY OF THE SUPPORT LEG FOR SKILLED RACE WALKERS: Koji Hoga¹, Michiyoshi Ae², Yasushi Enomoto² and Norihisa Fujii². ¹Graduate school of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. ² Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

CHANGES IN UPPER BODY AND ARM KINEMATICS WHILE CARRYING SYMMETRICAL AND ASSYMETRICAL BACKPACK LOADS: Christian Stanford¹, Peter Francis², Henry Chambers¹. ¹Motion Analysis Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California, USA. ²San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.

COMPARATION OF ABDOMINAL WALL ACTIVATION DURING SIT- UP AND CURL- UP EXERCISES IN WOMEN: Pedro Pezarat - Correia, Helena Nobre, & Jan Cabri. Faculty of Human Movement - Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN LOW, MEDIUM AND HIGH LEVEL HAMMER THROWERS: Víctor Manuel Soto Hermoso, Marcos Gutiérrez Dávila, Francisco Javier Rojas Ruiz. Biomechanics laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Granada (Spain). (work in progress).

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TAKEOFF IN POLE VAULT AND LONG JUMP BASED ON TIME-CONTINUOUS DATA: Thomas Jaitner. University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.

COMPARISON OF ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ACTIVITY BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MUSCLE TRAINING MOVEMENT: Chiang Liu¹, Tzyy-Yuang Shiang² & Chuan-Show Chen³. ¹National College of P. E. & Sports, Taiwan. ²Taipei Physical Education College, Taiwan. ³National Taiwan College of Physical Education, Taiwan. (work in progress).

COMPARISON OF POSTUROGRAPHY ANALYSIS IN A FORMULA-3000 DRIVER AND IN SUBJECTS SUBMITTED TO LINEAR OSCILLATION: Guy Gosselin^1,2, Ivar Schenk¹, Jonathan Cook¹. ¹AECC, Bournemouth, Dorset, UK. ²University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK. (work in progress).

COMPARISON OF THE KIP MANEUVER AT THE HORIZONTAL BAR BETWEEN THE SKILLED AND UNSKILLED SUBJECTS: Tetsu Yamada¹, Michiyoshi Ae², and Norihisa Fujii². ¹Doctoral Program in Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan. ²Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.

CORRELATION BETWEEN SELECTED KINEMATIC PARAMETERS AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN BACKWARD SOMERSAULTS: Zeljko Hraski. Faculty of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia.

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOCCER FOOTWEAR ON EARTH PITCHES: Antonio Martínez, Pedro Pérez, Javier Gámez, Juan Carlos González, Lirios Dueñas, Roberto Ferrandis. Institute of Biomechanics of Valencia (IBV) Valencia. Spain.

DEVELOPMENT OF A TRIAXIAL FORCE PLATFORM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF FORCE AT A BICYCLE PEDAL: Eduardo Nabinger, Ignacio Iturrioz, Milton A. Zaro. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

DIFFERENCES AMONGST BONE, SKIN, AND SKATE MARKER-BASED ROTATIONS OF THE FOOT DURING PUSH-OFF IN SKATING: Mouafak Al Hadi¹ and Mario Lamontagne². ¹Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada. ²School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Canada.

DIFFERENCES AT THE IMPULSE PHASE FOR THE FRONT SOMERSAULT ON FLOOR EXERCISE AND ON DIFFERENT  TRAMPOLINES: Brochado, M. M. V.; Brochado, F. A. State University of São Paulo, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil. (work in progress).

DIFFERENCES IN MUSCULAR CONTROL AND GROUND REACTION FORCES IN SUBJECTS WITH STABLE AND UNSTABLE ANKLES: Gaspar Morey, Adamantios Arampatzis, Gianpiero DeMonte, Gert-Peter Brüggemann. Institute for Biomechanics, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.

DIFFERENT WEIGHT TRANSFER PATTERNS IN GOLF: Ball, K.A., Best, R.J., Dowlan, S. and Brown, D. Biomechanics Unit, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.

EFFECT OF PELVIC MOTION ON SOCCER KICKING PERFORMANCE: T. Bull Andersen & H. Sørensen. Institute of Sport, University of Aarhus, Denmark. (work in progress).

EFFECT OF THE TIMING OF HIP TORQUE ON HEIGHT ACHIEVED IN HIGH DEGREE OF DIFFICULTY FORWARD SOMERSAULT DIVES ON THE 3m SPRINGBOARD: Brendon Ferrier¹, Angus Burnett¹ and Ross Sanders^1,2. ¹School of Biomedical and Sports Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. ²Physical Education Sport and Leisure Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland. (work in progress)

EFFECTS OF AN INCLINED BOARD ON THE TAKEOFF MOTION OF LONG JUMP: H.Koyama¹, M.Ae², K.Hoga¹, and Y.Muraki¹. ¹Graduate School in Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan. ²Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.

ELECTROMYOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF TRUNK MUSCLE ACTIVITIES DURING A GOLF SWING: Young-Tae Lim¹, In-Sik Shin², and Sang-Yeon Woo³. ¹Department of Physical Education, Yeungnam University, Kyungsan, Korea. ²Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. ³Division of Physical Education, Soonchunhyung University, Choongnam, Korea.

ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC RESPONSES OF BACK MUSCLES DURING LOAD CARRIAGE WALKING IN CHILDREN: Youlian Hong and Chi-Kin Cheung. Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.

EVALUATION OF PLANAR RECONSTRUCTION ACCURACY FOR TWO TECHNIQUES INCORPORATING CAMERA TILT: Mark Brewin¹, David Kerwin¹ and Paul McCombie^{2 1}Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK. ²Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK.

EVOLUTION OF PARAMETERS ANTHROPOMETRICAL AND KINEMATIC IN SWIMMING YOUNG MEN: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY: Tella, V¹.; Llana, S¹.; Madera, J¹; and Navarro, F.². ¹University of Valencia (Spain), ² University of Castilla-La Mancha. Spain.

EXAMINATION OF DIFFERENT DOUBLE-PLANE CAMERA CALIBRATION STRATEGIES FOR UNDERWATER MOTION ANALYSIS: Young-Hoo Kwon, Amy Ables, and Priscilla G. Pope. Texas Woman’s University, Denton, Texas, USA.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TURNING KICK PERFORMANCE OF SINGAPORE NATIONAL TAEKWONDO PLAYERS: Lai Wan Boey and Wei Xie. Sports Medicine and Research Centre, Singapore Sports Council.

EXTERNAL A/D CONVERTER USING THE UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS (USB): Syn Schmitt and Harald Hochwald. Institute of Sport Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.

FAIL MODE AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS (FMEA) APPLIED TO BIOFOOT/IBV2001 â EQUIPMENT ADAPTATION FOR LONG JUMP: Enrique Alcántara, Javier Gámez, Pedro Pérez, Antonio Martínez, Lirios Dueñas. Institute of Biomechanics of Valencia (IBV) Valencia. Spain.

FORCE AND SPEED OF PARTIAL MOTIONS IN ON-WATER AND SIMULATED ROWING: Kanta Tachibana. Nagoya University, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and National Institute for Health and Nutrition, Japan.

GEOMETRY AND RUNNING OF THE ALPINE SKI FIS WORLD CUP GIANT SLALOM PART THREE - VELOCITY AS A FUNCTION OF GEOMETRY: Wlodzimierz S. Erdmann, Piotr Aschenbrenner. Jedrzej Sniadecki University School of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland. (work in progress).

GROUND REACTION FORCE AND THE FORCE ON CENTER OF MASS:Falk Hildebrand¹, Hartmut Herrmann², Ashraf Fanous². ¹Institute for Applied Training Science. ²University Leipzig, Germany. (work in progress).

GROUND REACTION FORCES IN RUNNING SHOES WITH TWO TYPES OF CUSHIONING COLUMN SYSTEMS: Arnel Aguinaldo¹, Andrew Mahar^1,2, Michael Litavish¹, and Abigail Morales¹. ¹Center for Human Performance, Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA. ²Orthopedic Biomechanics Research Center, Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA.

GROUND REACTION FORCES OCCURING DURING THE DELIVERY STRIDE OF JAVELIN THROWING: Paul Hurrion¹, Rosemary Dyson¹, Tudor Hale¹, Lee Janaway². ¹University College Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex. PO19 6PE. UK. ²Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH. UK.

GROUND REACTION FORCES OF STEP EXERCISE DEPENDING ON STEP FREQUENCY AND BENCH HEIGHT: Rita Santos-Rocha¹, António Veloso², Hamilton Santos², Susana Franco¹ & Pedro Pezarat-Correia². ¹Sport Science Higher School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Portugal. ²Faculty of Human Kinetics, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal.

HAMSTRINGS COACTIVATION IN TRAINED LONG JUMPERS AND UNTRAINED INDIVIDUALS DURING DROP JUMPING: F. Arabatzi, E. Kellis, M. Emmanouilidou, C. Papadopoulos. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece.

IDENTIFICATION OF FLOOR AND VAULTING APTITUDE IN 8-14 YEAR OLD TALENT-SELECTED FEMALE GYMNASTS: Elizabeth J. Bradshaw and Peter Le Rossignol. Deakin University, School of Health Sciences, Melbourne, Australia.

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF WARM UP BY OVERWEIGHED BAT IMPLEMENT ON BAT SWING VELOCITY: Hui-Ping Tu¹, Chen-Ju Chien² and Gin-Chang Liu³. ¹National College of Physical Education and Sports, Taipei, Taiwan. ²Kaohsiung Girls' High School, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. ³Hung Kuang Institute of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.

IMPACT BEHAVIOUR OF THE BASEBALL WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR PLAYER SAFETY: Rochelle Llewelyn Nicholls^1,2, Karol Miller², and Bruce Elliott¹. ¹Department of Human Movement & Exercise Science, ²Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering. University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia.

IMPACT CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO TYPES OF HOCKEY ARENA BOARDS: G. Wayne Marino and James Potvin. University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada.

IMPULSES AND GROUND REACTION FORCES AT PROGRESSIVE INTENSITIES OF WEIGHTLIFTING VARIATIONS: Randall L. Jensen¹ and William P. Ebben². ¹Dept. HPER, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, USA.  ²Dept. Physical Therapy, Program in Exercise Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.

INFLUENCE OF DEEP WATER RUN TRAINING SUPPLEMENT ON THE MAINTENANCE OF AEROBIC PERFORMANCE AND KINEMATICS OF MIDDLE-DISTANCE RUNNERS: Leonardo Alexandre Peyré Tartaruga, Marcelo Coertjens, Marcus Peikriszwilli Tartaruga, Gabriela Lovis Black, Alvaro Reischak Oliveira, Leonardo Rossato Ribas, Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT HEIGHTS ON MECHANICS OF CHILDREN’S LANDING: Tai-Yen Hsu and Chen-Fu Huang. Institute of Physical Education, the National Taiwan Normal University, R.O.C.

INFLUENCE OF KINEMATIC VARIABLES OF DIFFERENT TRAJECTORIES ON RACING TIME AND VELOCITY IN ALPINE GIANT SLALOM: Robin Roithner, Federico Formenti. Motor Science Lab, University of Verona, Italy.

INITIAL BALL SPEED AND FORCE ESTIMATION AT IMPACT IN VOLLEYBALL AND FOOTBALL: Shahbazi, M.M. ¹, Sanders, H.R. ², Coleman, S.G.S. ². ¹Physics Department of Teheran University. ²Department of Physical Education, Sport and Leisure Studies of Edinburgh University.

INTERACTION BETWEEN THE POLE AND THE HUMAN BODY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE POLE VAULTING PERFORMANCE: A. Arampatzis, F. Schade, G.-P. Brüggemann. German Sport University of Cologne, Institute of Biomechanics, Cologne, Germany.

INVESTIGATION OF SEGMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS IN POWERFUL SOCCER HEADING: Lars Bo Kristensen. Department of Sport Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark.

IN VIVO STIFFNESS EVALUATION OF HUMAN TENDONS: Filipe Conceição¹, Filipa Sousa¹, Pedro Gonçalves¹, João M. Carvalho², J. Paulo Vilas-Boas¹. ¹Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, ²Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal.

IS REARFOOT PRONATION A SHOCK ATTENUATING JOINT ACTION?: Michelle Countryman^1,2, Kristian O’Connor², Joseph Hamill². ¹Fila Sport, Peabody, MA, USA. ²Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SPORTS EQUIPMENT DEVICE, THE HANGO: Enrique Alcántara, Javier Gámez, Pedro Pérez, Antonio Martínez, Lirios Dueñas. Institute of Biomechanics of Valencia (IBV). Valencia. Spain.

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF HANDBALL THROWING: Fradet Laetitia, Kulpa Richard, Multon Franck, Delamarche Paul. Laboratoire de physiologie et de biomécanique, Université de Rennes 2, France.

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF MIDDLE-DISTANCE RUNNERS DURING TREADMILL RUNNING AND DEEP WATER RUNNING: Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel, Leonardo Alexandre Peyré Tartaruga, Marcus Peikriszwili Tartaruga, Ana Carolina Chaves Larronda and Jefferson Fagundes Loss. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THREE DIFFERENT BADMINTON BACKHAND OVERHEAD STROKES:Kuei-Shu Huang¹, Chenfu Huang¹, Shaw Shiun Chang², and Chien-Lu Tsai². ¹National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan. ²National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.

KINEMATIC AND KINETIC STUDY OF RUNNING TECHNIQUE AT DIFFERENT HIGH SPEEDS IN BLIND PARALYMPIC ATHLETES: Amelia Ferro¹, J. Luis Graupera² and Pedro Vera³. ¹Laboratory of Sports Biomechanics. High Performance and Sports Sciences Research Centre (CARICD) of Higher Sports Council (CSD), Madrid, Spain. ²Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences. University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. ³Biomechanics Institute of Valencia (IBV), Valencia, Spain.

KINEMATIC COMPARISONS OF DIFFERENT PITCH VELOCITY GROUPS IN BASEBALL USING MOTION MODEL METHOD: Keizo Takahashi¹, Norihisa Fujii², and Michiyoshi Ae². ¹ Doctoral Program in Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan. ² Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.

KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF POLE VAULT DURING NATIONAL INDOOR ATHLETICS CHAMPIONSHIPS: Cortes, N., Beato, P., Cardoso, J., Ribeiro, C. Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal.

KINEMATIC SYMMETRY IN ROWING ERGOMETERS: Floren Colloud^1,2, Stéphane Champely¹, Pascal Bahuaud³ and Laurence Chèze². ¹CRIS, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France. ² Laboratoire MECAL, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France. ³ Laboratoire LMSo, Institut National des Sciences Appliqués, Lyon, France.

KINETIC AND KINEMATIC DIFFERENCES OF TWO VOLLEYBALL-SPIKING JUMPS: Kuo Chuan Huang¹, Lin Huan Hu¹, Chenfu Huang¹, Tai Yen Sheu¹ and Chia Meng Tsue². ¹National Taiwan Normal University. ² National Taiwan College of Physical Education. Taipei, Taiwan.

KNEE JOINT LOADING IN GRADED WALKING AS A FUNCTION OF STEP LENGTH AND STEP FREQUENCY:Hermann Schwameder, Elke Lindenhofer, Erich Müller. Institute of Sport Science, University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.

LEG STIFFNESS CHANGES IN DROP JUMPS WITH DIFFERENT STRETCH AMPLITUDE: Pei-hsin Kuo¹, Li-I Wang² and Shi-Yi Wang². ¹Taipei Physical Education College Graduate Institute of Exercise and Sport Science. ²National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.

"LIVING HIGH-TRAINING LOW" ALTITUDE TRAINING ON IMPROVEMENT OF SEA LEVEL HEMOGLOBIN/HEMATOCRIC IN MALE AND FEMALE ELITE SWIMMERS: Weiping Li¹, Zhong Tian¹, Manli Zheng¹, Shouzheng Zhang¹, Kai Kang¹, Jingxian Li². ¹Shandong Sports Science Center, P. R. China. ²Department of Sports Science & Physical Education, the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

LOAD EFFECTS OF FAST LONGITUDINAL ROTATIONS: Juergen Krug, Christoph von Lassberg and Thomas Muehlbauer. University of Leipzig, Faculty for Sport Science, Germany.

LOWER-EXTREMITY JOINT ANGLES USED DURING THE BREASTSTROKE WHIP KICK AND THE INFLUENCE OF FLEXIBILITY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE KICK: B. Christina Kippenhan. Bemidji State University, Bemidji, Minnesota, USA.

MEASUREMENT OF BUTTERFLY AVERAGE RESULTANT IMPULSE PER PHASE: Tiago Barbosa¹, J. V. Santos Silva², Filipa Sousa², J. Paulo Vilas-Boas². ¹Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal. ²Faculty of Sports Sciences of the University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal.

MEN’S AND WOMEN’S POLE VAULT AT THE SYDNEY 2000 OLYMPIC GAMES WITH RESPECT TO MECHANICAL ENERGY AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM: F. Schade¹, A. Arampatzis¹, G.-P. Brüggemann¹, P. V. Komi². ¹German Sport University of Cologne, Institute of Biomechanics, Cologne, Germany. ²University of Jyväskylä, Neuromuscular Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland.

MOVEMENT VARIABLES IMPORTANT FOR EFFECTIVENESS AND PERFORMANCE IN BREASTSTROKE: António Silva¹, Veronique Colman², Bart Soons², Francisco Alves³, Ulrik Persyn². ¹Sports Science Department, University of Vila Real, Portugal. ²FLOK-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. ³Faculty of Human Movement, Lisbon, Portugal.

PERFORMANCE OF CROWD MANAGEMENT SHIN GUARDS SUBJECTED TO BALL AND BASEBALL BAT IMPACTS: Jean-Philippe Dionne, Ismail El Maach, Kevin Semeniuk, Aris Makris. Med-Eng Systems, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SYSTEM FOR MOVEMENT ANALYSIS IN TEAM SPORTS: Víctor Manuel Soto Hermoso. Biomechanics laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Granada. Spain.

PLANE-BASED CAMERA CALIBRATION FOR 3D-VIDEOGRAMMETRY FOR CANOEING AND ROWING: Volker Drenk, Falk Hildebrand. Institut for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany. (work in progress).

POSTURAL STABILITY IN PERSONS WITH CEREBRAL PALSY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE PERFORMANCE IN VERTICAL JUMPING: Kostas Gianikellis¹, Alonso Bote¹, Arturo Pérez², Jose Mª Pulido¹. ¹Faculty of Sport Sciences. University of Extremadura. ² Cerebral Palsy Association (ASPACE). Spain.

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF TRIANING COMPONENTS ON SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEM IN TAI CHI: Dongqing XU¹, Jinxian Li¹, Youlian Hong¹, Dewei Mao¹ and Kaiming Chan². ¹Department of Sports Science & Physical Education. ²Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT. Hong Kong.

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT BETWEEN A FUNCTIONAL KNEE BRACE AND THE LEG: Mario Lamontagne. School of Human kinetics and Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5. (work in progress).

PREVENTING TACKLE INJURY EVENTS IN RUGBY UNION: Barry Wilson¹, David Chalmers², and Matthew Ingram¹. ¹School of Physical Education, University of Otago, and ²Injury Prevention. Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

PROPOSAL FOR BIOMECHANICAL SUPPORT TO SOCCER COACHES IN INSTRUCTING YOUNG PLAYERS: Matilde Espinosa-Sánchez. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F., México.

QUANTIFICATION OF STABILISING BEHAVIOUR ON A 2-DOF PLATFORM: Harald Hochwald and Syn Schmitt. Institute of Sport Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.

QUANTIFICATION OF TECHNICAL SKILLS IN WEIGHTLIFTING: Khaled Zahran, Manfred Vieten and Hartmut Riehle. University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany. (work in progress).

QUANTIFYING COORDINATION IN KINEMATIC DATA: A RUNNING EXAMPLE: David R. Mullineaux¹ and Jonathan Wheat². ¹School of Sport and Leisure Management. ²The Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.

QUANTIFYING THE HAND-CURVE AND OARLOCK FORCES FOR DETERMINING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXPERIENCED AND ELITE MALE SWEEP ROWERS: Matt Doyle^1,2, Andrew Lyttle¹, Bruce Elliott² and Angus Burnett³. ¹The Western Australian Institute of Sport. ² Department of Human Movement and Sports Science, The University of Western Australia. ³School of Biomedical and Sports Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia. (work in progress).

QUANTIFYING VARIABILITY IN COORDINATION DURING RUNNING: Jonathan Wheat¹, David R. Mullineaux², Roger M. Bartlett¹ and Clare E. Milner¹. ¹The Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and ²School of Sport and Leisure Management, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.

QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF COXLESS PAIR-OAR ROWING: Richard Smith¹ and Constanze Draper². ¹University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australia. ²New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney, Australia.

RECOIL DAMPING PADS IN RIFLE SHOOTING: Hans Gros. Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, Germany.

SADDLE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN CYCLING: COMPARISON AMONG SADDLES OF DIFFERENT DESIGN AND MATERIALS: Renato Rodano¹, Roberto Squadrone², Massimiliano Sacchi², Alberto Marzegan². ¹Dipartimento di Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano. ²Centro di Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano - Fnd. Don Gnocchi I.R.C.C.S., Milan, Italy.

SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE FIN SWIMMING FIN: Shuping Li and Ross Sanders. The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

SPEED AND SPIN OF Æ 40MM TABLE TENNIS BALL AND THE EFFECTS ON ELITE PLAYERS: Wei Xie¹, Kong Chuan Teh¹, Zhi Feng Qin². ¹Singapore Sports Council. ²Singapore Table Tennis Association.

STEP EXERCISE PROGRAM FOR ELDERLY WOMEN: SUPPORT LOAD EFFECTS ANALYSIS: Maria de Lourdes Machado, Hamilton Santos and António Veloso. Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.

STRENGTH POTENTIAL OF YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN: Wlodzimierz S. Erdmann, Patrycja Lipinska. Jedrzej Sniadecki University School of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland. (work in progress).

STROKE INDEX VALUES ACCORDING TO LEVEL, GENDER, SWIMMING STYLE AND EVENT RACE DISTANCE: José A. Sánchez¹, Raúl Arellano². ¹Instituto Nacional de Educación Física de Galicia, Univ. de La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain. ²Facultad Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, Univ. de Granada, Granada, Spain.

SYMMETRY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF KINEMATIC PARAMETERS DURING VARIOUS RUNNING TECHNIQUES: Kiros Karamanidis, Adamantios Arampatzis, Gert-Peter Brüggemann. Institute for Biomechanics, German Sport University of Cologne, Germany.

TACTICAL APPLICATION OF BIOMECHANICS TO VOLLEYBALL USING INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SOFTWARE: Simon G.S. Coleman. Department of Physical Education, Sport and Leisure Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. (work in progress).

TECHNICAL CHANGES IN HURDLE CLEARANCES AT THE BEGINNING OF 110 M HURDLE EVENT - A PILOT STUDY: Aki I.T. Salo. Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.

TENPIN BOWLING TECHNIQUE ON ELITE PLAYERS: Danny P. K. Chu, Bai-ming Zhang and Kenneth Mau. Sports Science Department, Hong Kong Sports Institute, Hong Kong.

THE ADJUSTMENT OF LEG STIFFNESS DURING DYNAMIC EXERCISE AND DOWNWARD STEPPING FOR ELDERLY: Yu Liu¹, Rong-Jun Ji², Yi-Fang Lee¹. ¹Chinese Culture University. ²National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MUSCULO-SKELETAL MODEL FOR THE ESTIMATION OF FORCE PRODUCTION AND POWER TRANSFER BY LOWER LIMB MUSCLES DURING EXPLOSIVE EXTENSION MOVEMENTS: António Veloso, Paulo Armada-da-Silva & João Abrantes. Faculty of Human Kinetics, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENT SKILL OF CHILDREN IN HONG KONG: Wan-ka Chan, Youlian Hong and Daniel Fong. Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. (work in progress).

THE DISTANCE COVERED OF SOCCER AND RUGBY REFEREES DURING THE MATCH USING A MOBILE “GPS”: Takayuki Ishii, Takuya Masuda, Hiroyasu Kurogi, Shuichiroh Yabuno and Hiroh Yamamoto. Biomechanics Lab., Fac. of Educ., Kanazawa Univ., Japan.

THE EFFECT OF A DAMPING ELEMENT IN TENNIS RACKETS: Wolfgang Potthast, Oliver Bloch, Susanne Ochel, Gert-Peter Brüggemann. Institute for Biomechanics, German Sport University Cologne, Germany. (work in progress).

THE EFFECT OF ANKLE JOINT TAPING ON THE MOTION OF THE ANKLE JOINT DURING TREADMILL RUNNING: M. Quirke and A.J. Harrison. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.

THE EFFECT OF KARATE STANCE ON ATTACK-TIME: PART I – JAB: Yen-Hsiu Liu and Nenzi Wang. Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

THE EFFECT OF KARATE STANCE ON ATTACK-TIME: PART II - REVERSE PUNCH: Nenzi Wang and Yen-Hsiu Liu. Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

THE EFFECT OF RUN-UP SPEED ON LONG JUMP PERFORMANCE: Lisa A. Bridgett, Margy Galloway² and Nicholas P. Linthorne¹. ¹School of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Australia. ²New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney, Australia.

THE EFFECT OF STICK CURVATURE ON WRIST SHOT EXECUTION OF PEEWEE AND JUNIOR AGED ICE HOCKEY PLAYERS: Daniel Theoret, Mario Lamontagne, Marshall Kendall, and Stefan Potoczny. Biomechanics of Hockey Research Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. (work in progress).

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE GOGGLES TRAINING SYSTEM AS A COACHING TOOL IN  CHANGING PELVIS ANGLE AT THE CATCH DURING ON-WATER ROWING:Clara Soper¹, Patria Hume¹, Duncan Reid², Richard Tonks³. ¹School of Community Health and Sport Studies, Auckland University of Technology, NZ. ²School of Physiotherapy, Auckland University of Technology, NZ. ³Rowing New Zealand, Elite Coach.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THREE STARTING TECHNIQUES IN RUNNING LATERALLY: ¹John Z. Ostarello, ¹Eric Suess and ²Andrew G. Ostarello. ¹Department of Kinesiology and Department of Statistics. California State University, Hayward, California, U.S.A. ²University of California, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. (work in progress).

THE INFLUENCE OF WEARING A LUMBAR SUPPORT BELT UPON JAVELIN THROWING PERFORMANCE: Paul Hurrion, Rosemary Dyson, Tudor Hale. University College Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex. PO19 6PE. UK.

THE OPTIMUM TAKEOFF ANGLE IN THE LONG JUMP: Nicholas P. Linthorne, Maurice S. Guzman and Lisa A. Bridgett. School of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Australia.

THE RESEARCH ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SENESCENCE AND THE GAIT INDEX OF ELDERLY PEOPLE: Zhao Fang and Zhou Xinglong. Beijing University of Physical Education, Beijing, China.

THE STRATEGY OF MUSCULAR PRE-TENSION DURING INITIAL BLOCK PHASE IN SWIMMING GRAB START: Ching-Wen Lee¹, Chenfu Huang¹, Der-Chia Lin¹, and Ching-Wei Lee². ¹National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan. ²Chung Ho Elementary School, Taipei, Taiwan.

THE STUDY OF UPPER ARM MUSCLES TRAINING FOR JUDO PLAYERS: Kwei-Bin Kuo¹, Tzyy-Yuang Shiang². ¹De Lin Institute of Technology, ²Taipei Physical Education College, Taiwan.

THE TAKE OFF KINEMATICS OF JUMPING HORSES IN A PUISSANCE COMPETITION: Pippa Powers. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland.

THE TOUCH-DOWN AND TAKE-OFF ANGLES IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF 100 M SPRINT RUN: L. Cunha¹, F. Alves¹, A. Veloso². ¹Department of Sport Science and ²Human Movement Department, Faculty of Human Movement, Technical University of Lisbon.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CINEMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS: ENLARGING A CALIBRATED VOLUME: Azmin Sham Rambely, Noor Azuan Abu Osman, Juliana Usman, Wan Abu Bakar Wan Abas. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

TRAINING FAVORS THE FORWARD PROGRESSION DURING HUMAN LOCOMOTION: Hélène Beaupied, Franck Multon, Paul Delamarche. Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Biomécanique de l’Exercice Musculaire. UFR. APS, Université Rennes 2, avenue Charles Tillon. CS 24 414. 35044 Rennes. France.

UPPER EXTREMITY KINEMATICS DURING DIFFERENT BREATHING PATTERNS AND SELECTED STROKE DRILLS IN FRONT CRAWL SWIMMING: Gracia López, Marcos Gutiérrez and Raúl Arellano. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science. Granada University. Spain.

VISUAL PERCEPTION TRAINING FOR YOUTH DIVERS WITH A “SOMERSAULT SIMULATOR”: Falk Naundorf, Juergen Krug and Sascha Lattke. University of Leipzig, Faculty for Sport Science, Germany.

‘WARM-UP’ EFFECTS ON FREQUENCY CONTENT OF EMG IN DYNAMIC EXERCISE: IMPLICATIONS FOR ASSESSING FATIGUE: Jon Kelly, Ross Sanders, Simon Coleman. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. (work in progress).

WAVE DRAG IN FRONT CRAWL SWIMMING:  Huub M Toussaint, Maartje van Stralen and Eric Stevens. Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.